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The Doctrine of Perception, as Held by Doctor Arnauld, Doctor Reid, and Sir William Hamilton

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Survey of debates on immediate perception by Arnauld, Malebranche, Reid and Hamilton, critiquing representative (idea‑based) theories and defending direct perception.
Archive ⬩ Epistemology, Philosophy
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James Waddel Alexander (July 13, 1804 – July 31, 1859) was a prominent American Presbyterian minister, theologian, and author, born in Louisa County, Virginia, the eldest son of noted clergyman Archibald Alexander and grandson of the famed “Blind Preacher” James Waddel. Educated at the College of New Jersey (Princeton) and its Theological Seminary, he served pastorates in Virginia, New Jersey, and, most notably, in New York City at Duane Street and Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Churches, and also held professorships in rhetoric and ecclesiastical history. Celebrated for his biblical preaching, prolific writings—including practical religious works and hymn translations such as “O Sacred Head, Now Wounded”—and deep piety, Alexander remained influential in church life until his death at Red Sweet Springs, Virginia.

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