German Thought and Schopenhaur’s Pessimism Archibald Alexander, (1855–1917) ⬩ 1878 Argues German philosophy must be studied to grasp its influence. Summarizes Schopenhauer’s pessimism: the world as will, endless desire, and life as alternating pain and ennui. Archive ⬩ Materialism, Metaphysics, Philosophy (General) Download Print