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The Atonement (1867)

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Archibald A. Hodge defends the orthodox, penal‑substitutionary doctrine of the atonement, arguing Christ's vicarious sacrifice satisfies divine justice with biblical and historical proof.
Archive ⬩ Atonement, Predestination
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Archibald Alexander Hodge was an American Presbyterian minister, theologian, and educator who served as Professor of Systematic Theology and, from 1878 until his death, principal of Princeton Theological Seminary, carrying forward the conservative Reformed legacy of his father Charles Hodge. He was also a missionary to India, pastor, prolific author of works like Outlines of Theology, and a key voice in 19th-century Presbyterian scholarship and denominational life.

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